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" Industrial use of oil rose by over 200 % in the 1970s whilst industrial use
of coal fell by the same proportion.
" I got a rise of over £4000 when I was promoted to a position of greater
responsibility.
" At the age of 32, she has risen to the top of her profession.
Arise - arose - arisen
Arise is mainly used in a more abstract way. If a situation or problem or something
arises, it comes into being and people become aware of it:
" I don't think the question of compensation will arise, but if it does, just give
a vague reply.
" I shall certainly go to Scotland next year, if the opportunity arises.
" A problem has arisen with the TV that I bought last week. I can't get
teletext.
We can also use arise to mean to get up, get out of bed or stand up, but it is
even more formal than rise in this sense. Note that when a knighthood is bestowed
in Britain, the monarch touches the recipient's shoulders with a sword and then says,
e.g.
" Arise, Sir William!
meaning that he, William, may now (a)rise from his kneeling position as a knight of
the realm.
Raise - raised - raised
If you raise something, you move it to a higher position. If you raise your
voice, you speak more loudly. If you raise the standard of something, you
improve it:
" If you are in agreement with what Mr Jenkins has put to you, would you
please raise your hand.
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" The flag on the roof of the palace is raised whenever the queen is in
residence.
" Amy was sitting at the back and had to raise her voice in order to be
heard.
" We want to raise standards of literacy in British schools. Make no
mistake about it: standards will rise.
Note that raise is a regular verb, whereas rise is irregular. Note also that raise
is a transitive verb, in other words, it must always be used with a direct object.
You always raise something. Rise, on the other hand, is an intransitive verb: it
does not involve anything or anyone other than the subject.
Note the following idiomatic expressions with raise:
to raise the alarm = warn people of danger
not to raise or lift a finger = do nothing to help
to raise a smile or a laugh = say something which makes people smile or laugh
to raise the roof = make a building reverberate with loud singing, shouting,
clapping etc
" I decided to raise the alarm and alerted the rescue services when my
companions had not returned by nightfall.
" His wife does everything around the house. He never raises / lifts a finger
to help her.
" I thought it was a good joke, but it didn't even raise a smile, let alone a
laugh.
" The female audience raised the roof when the boy band appeared on stage.
remind - remember / recall / recollect
Agustin from Spain writes:
I have a question about verbs which appear very similar. Could you possibly explain
the differences between remember, remind, recall and recollect? Thank you very
much.
remind
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Remind and remember are not the same. If you remind somebody about
something, you make them remember it. Thus, remind is a transitive verb, i.e. it
always has an object which may be followed by to + infinitive or a that-clause.
Compare the following:
Remind me to send Denny an email about the change of dates.
I reminded them that the dress rehearsal had been brought forward to
Wednesday.
I shouldn't need to remind you to wash your hands before you sit down to eat.
When you say that somebody or something reminds you of something, you
associate it with a memory from your past:
She reminds me of The Princess Royal. They are so alike in looks and appearance.
Doesn't this countryside remind you of Cornwall? It does me.
I think I know which one it is, but remind me of your house number.
Remember
If you remember something, you recall people or events to your mind. Remember
can be used transitively with an object or intransitively without an object. It
is often used with to + infinitive and with when- where- or that-clauses.
Compare the following:
Do you remember the first time we sat under the stars, listening to Beethoven's
Ninth?
Do you remember when we first ate wild mushrooms? ~ Yes, I remember.
I can't remember where I've put the spare set of car keys. Have you seen them?
Will you remember to collect your suit from the dry-cleaners or shall I do it?
She remembered that she was going clubbing that evening and cheered up.
remember + infinitive or remember + verb-ing?
A lot of readers ask about verbs that are followed by verb-ing forms or to +
infinitive. Some, like want, decide, agree, are always followed by to + infinitive.
Some, like look forward to, enjoy, finish, are always followed by verb-ing forms.
I decided to turn off the computer and go home. I would finish writing the
report tomorrow.
Some verbs can be followed by either verb-ing forms or to + infinitive, sometimes
with some difference in meaning. Remember and forget are two such verbs.
Remember and forget with an infinitive always refer forward in time. Remember and
forget + verb-ing forms always refer back in time. Compare the following:
I don't remember talking to you about Terry's divorce. I don't even remember
you asking me about that.
I shall always remember flying to America on Concorde.
Remember to close all the windows and lock all the doors before you leave the
house.
I forgot to warn him about the dangerous dog and he was bitten.
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I shall never forget sharing a bottle of iced water with you beside the Pyramids in
Egypt.
recall
When you recall something, you remember it and tell others about it:
The Prime Minister recalled his visits to France and the six meetings he had had
with the French President.
We often say: as far as I can recall or as I recall or I seem to recall to refer
back to something that you have been talking about:
I seem to recall that you were against the idea of Henry joining the Board of
Directors.
As far as I can recall, you were warned three times that you would lose your job if
you persisted in being late. I distinctly recall warning you about this.
If a company recalls a product, it asks for it to be returned because it has found
to be defective:
The pharmaceutical company is going to recall one of its drugs because of possibly
dangerous side effects.
If a player is recalled to a team, s/he is included in the team again after being left
out:
Many people in Ireland still hope that Roy Keane might be recalled to the Irish
squad in time for the World Cup.
recollect
If you recollect something, you remember it and usually talk about it. There is
little difference between recollect and recall in this context. We could also use
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